The innovation of this study lies in the use of AI to analyze the results of the chemical composition. “Our model learns to recognize the unique geochemical footprint of each mine. It is able to identify where a prehistoric bead comes from...
The team has built the most extensive compositional database created to date, with more than 1,800 geological samples and 571 archaeological accounts, which have been analyzed using portable X-ray fluorescence...
Here is the link for more about that
AI helps unlock secrets of Europe’s prehistoric ‘green gemstone’ trade – Popular Archeology
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Below are a few excerpts from a great article on the Conquest of Peru.
The “conquest” started with Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475-1519), mayor of Santa Maria de la Antigua del Darién, the first permanent European settlement in Panama. He was a deputy to Pedro Arias de Avila, governor of Golden Castille (later referred as Tierra Firme by the Panama’s Royal Academy in 1538), covering Nicaragua to the Bay of Panama. With sixty-seven Spaniards, Balboa left the settlement in Antigua, battling against nature and natives over the jungle-clad Darien mountains, in search of gold, fame, and a way to the South Seas (now known as the Pacific Ocean)...
Conquistadors were granted a license to explore and conquer by the Spanish Crown in Madrid, stipulating that the venture would not carry any expense to the Crown. All costs were borne by the conquistadors, who had to borrow money and/or provide in-kind guarantees from families in Spain, as the cost of such ventures was high. Conquistadors had to pay for ships, crews, soldiers, weapons, and food; they had to build settlements to explore unknown and dangerous lands and fight endless battles in their ceaseless quest for gold. They had to pay for enlisted soldiers, ship crews, and debts. Many enlistees were paid soldiers released by the Spanish army from the Christian-Muslim War (1481-1492), or the Italian Wars (1494-1559)...
Someone at Court in Madrid, probably Pizarro’s brother Hernán demanded, through the Council’s office, that he be released on grounds of unsustainable facts and falsehood. In Madrid, Pizarro met with members of the Royal Supreme C..ouncil of the Indies, where he presented his written accounts and the maps of his voyages of discovery to Queen Isabela.I (1451-1504). He presented the tumbesinos Felipillo, Yacané, Martinillo and showed the llamas, the finely embroidered fabrics, and the gold and silver. The Royal Council was stunned by the news of this unknown world, which they named Nueva Castilla. A formal agreement was created, granting Pizarro the titles of Captain General, Governor, Administrator, and Constable over New Castille’s 200 leagues (700 miles). This area would henceforth be called Perú...
Here is the link for the rest of that article.
They made their way through the Inca’s camp and were impressed by thousands of fires and warriors. Courtiers and high-ranking war chiefs welcomed the envoys. Atahualpa made them wait several hours outside his lodgings and appeared when the rowdy visitors’ impatience could no longer be contained. The Inca faced the Spaniards with ire and contempt. This thirty-five-year-old lord with long black hair and gold ornaments dangling from his ears and neck, together with the mascapaycha‘s red imperial headband, magnified his eminent position. He sat on his usnu, an elevated golden throne with officials (kurakas) at his sides. Heated exchanges about the presence of armed white bearded men in his kingdom, soldiers of an unknown king, were baffling to him, as was this equally unknown world they claimed to come from...
At noon, after a night of anxiety, the Spaniards were still waiting for Atahualpa. Pizarro hid his forces, including cavalry under Hernando de Soto, Sebastian de Belalcazar, and Hernando Pizarro, along with their saddled horses, in sheds that opened onto the plaza. Juan Pizarro was in command of the infantry and would closely follow the riders’ thrust. Captain Pedro de Candia and the artillery were on the Rumitiana hill behind the town for support. Pizarro, on horseback together with twenty-five-foot soldiers, hid in a structure in the middle of the plaza. Fear was palpable, given the overwhelming odds; several foot soldiers wetted their pants. The plan called for a forceful exit on the plaza, aiming for Atahualpa, who would be carried on his golden litter, then to surround and capture him. A simple plan of victory or death, for there was no other way for a handful of Spaniards in this war of conquest. The Inca likewise had plans, which were to make sure none of the bearded men escaped and survived. Atahualpa’s command officer, Rumiñahui, with battle-hardened warriors, was sent to close any escape route on the back of the town to capture all Spaniards for public execution.
By mid-afternoon, lookouts saw the Inca leave his camp with a large retinue of unarmed warriors, for the Inca bet on numbers to capture the bearded men alive. He was eager to show the Andean supreme deity Viracocha and the people of the empire that no god or man could ever stand or defeat him. He arrived at the plaza on his golden litter held by courtesans, protected by bodyguards and a compact group of unarmed warriors to display his apparent peaceful intent. Calling for the Spaniards, he sent unarmed scouts to find out where they were. They reported that the bearded ones were hiding in nearby sheds around the plaza. The Inca was about to order a more forceful investigation when Dominican Friar Vicente de Valverde, chaplain of the army, pushed his way through the throng to the Inca’s litter with Martinillo, also from the 1526 encounter off Tumbes as translator, screaming God’s name to the heretics while brandishing the Holy Bible...
The Conquest of Peru – Popular Archeology
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And here are some excerpts from a great article on the fall of Cusco
They made their way through the Inca’s camp and were impressed by thousands of fires and warriors. Courtiers and high-ranking war chiefs welcomed the envoys. Atahualpa made them wait several hours outside his lodgings and appeared when the rowdy visitors’ impatience could no longer be contained. The Inca faced the Spaniards with ire and contempt. This thirty-five-year-old lord with long black hair and gold ornaments dangling from his ears and neck, together with the mascapaycha‘s red imperial headband, magnified his eminent position. He sat on his usnu, an elevated golden throne with officials (kurakas) at his sides. Heated exchanges about the presence of armed white bearded men in his kingdom, soldiers of an unknown king, were baffling to him, as was this equally unknown world they claimed to come from...
At noon, after a night of anxiety, the Spaniards were still waiting for Atahualpa. Pizarro hid his forces, including cavalry under Hernando de Soto, Sebastian de Belalcazar, and Hernando Pizarro, along with their saddled horses, in sheds that opened onto the plaza. Juan Pizarro was in command of the infantry and would closely follow the riders’ thrust. Captain Pedro de Candia and the artillery were on the Rumitiana hill behind the town for support. Pizarro, on horseback together with twenty-five-foot soldiers, hid in a structure in the middle of the plaza. Fear was palpable, given the overwhelming odds; several foot soldiers wetted their pants. The plan called for a forceful exit on the plaza, aiming for Atahualpa, who would be carried on his golden litter, then to surround and capture him. A simple plan of victory or death, for there was no other way for a handful of Spaniards in this war of conquest. The Inca likewise had plans, which were to make sure none of the bearded men escaped and survived. Atahualpa’s command officer, Rumiñahui, with battle-hardened warriors, was sent to close any escape route on the back of the town to capture all Spaniards for public execution.
By mid-afternoon, lookouts saw the Inca leave his camp with a large retinue of unarmed warriors, for the Inca bet on numbers to capture the bearded men alive. He was eager to show the Andean supreme deity Viracocha and the people of the empire that no god or man could ever stand or defeat him. He arrived at the plaza on his golden litter held by courtesans, protected by bodyguards and a compact group of unarmed warriors to display his apparent peaceful intent. Calling for the Spaniards, he sent unarmed scouts to find out where they were. They reported that the bearded ones were hiding in nearby sheds around the plaza. The Inca was about to order a more forceful investigation when Dominican Friar Vicente de Valverde, chaplain of the army, pushed his way through the throng to the Inca’s litter with Martinillo, also from the 1526 encounter off Tumbes as translator, screaming God’s name to the heretics while brandishing the Holy Bible...
Here is the link for that entire article.
The Fall of Cusco – Popular Archeology
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| Fort Pierce South Jetty Beach Cam View at 4 PM. |
Nothing remarkable going on at the beach today. Looks like the surf won't increase much for a few days.
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| Surf Chart from Surfguru.com. |
Good hunting,
Treasureguide@comcast.net